• Procedural law – Striking out – Rule 65(1)(b) & (c) – Failure to pursue case and where continuation no longer justified. • Duty of diligence – Applicant’s obligation to maintain contact with counsel and pursue proceedings. • Restoration – Struck-out applications may be restored on showing good cause under Rule 65(3).

Family/customary land – declaration of title – burden of proof on plaintiff; customary grants and gifts of family land; long possession as evidence of ownership; compensation for reclamation not establishing transfer absent family consent.

Land law — Declaration of title — Burden of proof on plaintiff to establish ownership by clear and acceptable evidence — Family/customary grants and gifts of land — Long possession and unchallenged evidence amounting to admission — Reclamation for development requires proof of family consent.

* Civil procedure – Reopening of pleadings – Court’s discretion under Rules 46(3), 46(4) and inherent powers (Rule 90) – Admission of late submissions after close of pleadings to consider subsequent domestic legislation. * Human rights – Consideration of new electoral legislation (Independent National Electoral Commission Act No.2 of 2024) where relevant to pending Charter-based claims.

* Family law – Matrimonial property – Section 21(1) Matrimonial Causes Act – property completed during marriage treated as matrimonial asset; entitlement may arise absent direct documentary proof of contribution. * Evidence – Burden to prove ownership or contribution – documentary proof required to establish claims to specific assets. * Distribution – valuation and equitable share where construction completed in marriage (20% awarded).

* Human rights – Elections – Alleged curtailment of rights to campaign and participate through appointment of electoral commissioners and discriminatory electoral practices. * Procedure – Reopening pleadings – Court’s discretion under Rule 46(3) and inherent power under Rule 90. * Evidence – Admission of additional submissions/evidence post-pleadings in interest of justice. * Case management – Denial of extraordinary-session decision; imposed filing timelines.

Land law – declaration of title and recovery of possession; interlocutory and perpetual injunctions; admissions in court as conclusive evidence; claim of matrimonial interest – burden to prove marriage and financial contribution; sufficiency of lease with schedules as evidence of title.

Employment law – Termination of employment – Payment in lieu of notice; Compliance with express contract terms; Requirement for written notice in statute versus the parties’ contractual terms; Burden of proof in unfair dismissal claims.

* Labour law – Collective Bargaining Agreement – Out-of-station/night subsistence and accommodation; * Distinction between a transfer and a temporary assignment for special duties; * Entitlement to allowances where employee required to spend nights away from recognized station; * Proof on balance of probabilities; * Interest and costs awarded.

Labour law – Termination of employment – Section 17 Labour Act (Act 651) – pay in lieu of notice; HR manual as policy not contract; unfair dismissal burden under Section 63(4); evidential burden for payment claims (bank statements, contract).