Nutrients

8 pages, 534 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

Neurotensin Is a Lipid-Induced Gastrointestinal Peptide Associated with Visceral Adipose Tissue Inflammation in Obesity

by Ilaria Barchetta, Flavia Agata Cimini, Danila Capoccia, Laura Bertoccini, Valentina Ceccarelli, Caterina Chiappetta, Frida Leonetti, Claudio Di Cristofano, Gianfranco Silecchia, Marju Orho-Melander, Olle Melander and Maria Gisella Cavallo

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 526; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040526 - 23 Apr 2018

Cited by 43 | Viewed by 6390

Abstract

Neurotensin (NT) is a 13-amino acid peptide localized in the neuroendocrine cells of the small intestine, which promotes fat absorption and fatty acids translocation in response to lipid ingestion. NT-knock-out mice fed with a high-fat diet are protected from obesity, fatty liver, and [...] Read more.

Neurotensin (NT) is a 13-amino acid peptide localized in the neuroendocrine cells of the small intestine, which promotes fat absorption and fatty acids translocation in response to lipid ingestion. NT-knock-out mice fed with a high-fat diet are protected from obesity, fatty liver, and the development of insulin-resistance. In humans, higher plasma levels of pro-NT, which is the stable circulating precursor of NT, predict obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D), and cardiovascular disease. In obesity, the presence of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) inflammation leads to unfavorable metabolic outcomes and is associated with the development of T2D and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In this study, we investigated the relationship between plasma pro-NT levels and the presence of VAT inflammation in biopsies from 40 morbidly obese subjects undergoing bariatric surgery. We demonstrated that higher proNT levels are significantly associated with greater macrophages infiltration, HIF-1α, WISP-1, and UNC5B expression in VAT (all p < 0.01) due to the diagnosis of T2D and NAFLD. The overall results show that, in obesity, pro-NT is a biomarker of VAT inflammation and insulin-resistance. Additionally, NT may be involved in the development of dysmetabolic conditions likely mediated by increased gut fat absorption and the presence of a proinflammatory milieu in the adipose tissue. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Inflammation- An Ancient Battle. What are the Roles of Nutrients?)

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10 pages, 251 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Chlorogenic Acid-Enriched and Hydroxyhydroquinone-Reduced Coffee on Postprandial Fat Oxidation and Antioxidative Capacity in Healthy Men: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Trial

by Shun Katada, Takuya Watanabe, Tomohito Mizuno, Shinichi Kobayashi, Masao Takeshita, Noriko Osaki, Shigeru Kobayashi and Yoshihisa Katsuragi

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 525; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040525 - 23 Apr 2018

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 7179

Abstract

Chlorogenic acids (CGAs) reduce blood pressure and body fat, and enhance fat metabolism. In roasted coffee, CGAs exist together with the oxidant component hydroxyhydroquinone (HHQ). HHQ counteracts the antihypertensive effects of CGA, but its effects on CGA-induced fat oxidation (FOX) are unknown. Here [...] Read more.

Chlorogenic acids (CGAs) reduce blood pressure and body fat, and enhance fat metabolism. In roasted coffee, CGAs exist together with the oxidant component hydroxyhydroquinone (HHQ). HHQ counteracts the antihypertensive effects of CGA, but its effects on CGA-induced fat oxidation (FOX) are unknown. Here we assessed the effects of CGA-enriched and HHQ-reduced coffee on FOX. Fifteen healthy male volunteers (age: 38 ± 8 years (mean ± SD); BMI: 22.4 ± 1.5 kg/m²) participated in this crossover study. Subjects consumed the test beverage (coffee) containing the same amount of CGA with HHQ (CGA-HHQ(+)) or without HHQ (CGA-HHQ(−)) for four weeks. Postprandial FOX and the ratio of the biological antioxidant potential (BAP) to the derivatives of reactive oxygen metabolites (d-ROMs) as an indicator of oxidative stress were assessed. After the four-week intervention, postprandial FOX and the postprandial BAP/d-ROMs ratio were significantly higher in the CGA-HHQ(−) group compared with the CGA-HHQ(+) group (4 ± 23 mg/min, group effect: p = 0.040; 0.27 ± 0.74, group effect: p = 0.007, respectively). In conclusion, reducing the amount of HHQ facilitated the postprandial FOX effects of CGA in coffee. Our findings also suggest that the mechanism underlying the inhibition of FOX by HHQ is related to postprandial oxidative stress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Bioactives and Human Health)

16 pages, 541 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design and Reproducibility of a Mini-Survey to Evaluate the Quality of Food Intake (Mini-ECCA) in a Mexican Population

by María Fernanda Bernal-Orozco, Nayeli Badillo-Camacho, Gabriela Macedo-Ojeda, Montserrat González-Gómez, Jaime Fernando Orozco-Gutiérrez, Ruth Jackelyne Prado-Arriaga, Fabiola Márquez-Sandoval, Martha Betzaida Altamirano-Martínez and Barbara Vizmanos

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 524; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040524 - 23 Apr 2018

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 6033

Abstract

Evaluating food intake quality may contribute to the development of nutrition programs. In Mexico, there are no screening tools that can be administered quickly for the evaluation of this variable. The aim was to determine the reproducibility of a mini-survey designed to evaluate [...] Read more.

Evaluating food intake quality may contribute to the development of nutrition programs. In Mexico, there are no screening tools that can be administered quickly for the evaluation of this variable. The aim was to determine the reproducibility of a mini-survey designed to evaluate the quality of food intake (Mini-ECCA) in a Mexican population. Mini-ECCA consists of 12 questions that are based on Mexican and international recommendations for food and non-alcoholic beverage intake, with the support of photographs for food quantity estimation. Each question scores as 0 (unhealthy) or 1 (healthy), and the final score undergoes a classification procedure. Through the framework of a nutritional study, 152 employees of the municipal water company in Guadalajara, Mexico (April–August 2016), were invited to participate. The survey was administered in two rounds (test and retest) with a 15-day interval between them. We calculated the Spearman correlation coefficient, the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC), and weighted kappa for score classification agreement (SPSS versus 14 p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant). The survey obtained a “good” reproducibility (ρ = 0.713, p < 0.001), and an excellent concordance (ICC = 0.841 Confidence Interval 95% 0.779, 0.885). It can thus be said that the Mini-ECCA displayed acceptable reproducibility and is suitable for the purpose of dietary assessment and guidance. Full article

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11 pages, 2149 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ethanol Extract of Evodia rutaecarpa Attenuates Cell Growth through Caspase-Dependent Apoptosis in Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia-1 Cells

by Eunsook Park, Mee-Young Lee, Chang-Seob Seo, Ji-Hye Jang, Yong-ung Kim and Hyeun-Kyoo Shin

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 523; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040523 - 22 Apr 2018

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 5172

Abstract

The dried fruits of Evodia rutaecarpa Bentham have been used widely as a herbal medicine for the treatment of inflammatory disorders and abdominal pain. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a nonmalignant disease characterized by overgrowth of prostates. Despite the pharmacological efficacy of the [...] Read more.

The dried fruits of Evodia rutaecarpa Bentham have been used widely as a herbal medicine for the treatment of inflammatory disorders and abdominal pain. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a nonmalignant disease characterized by overgrowth of prostates. Despite the pharmacological efficacy of the fruits of E. rutaecarpa against various diseases, their effects against BPH have not been reported. Here, we investigated the inhibitory activity of a 70% ethanol extract of E. rutaecarpa (EEER) against BPH, and its underlying mechanisms regarding cell growth of BPH using BPH-1 cells. An in vitro 5α-reductase activity assay showed that EEER exhibited inhibitory activity against 5α-reductase. In BPH-1 cells, EEER treatment inhibited cell viability and reduced the expression of the proliferating cell nuclear antigen proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), cyclin D1, and phosphor-ERK1/2 proteins. Moreover, EEER also induced apoptosis, with chromatin condensation, apoptotic bodies, and internucleosomal DNA fragmentation. Regarding its underlying mechanisms, EEER exacerbated the activation of caspase-8 and caspase-3 in a concentration-dependent manner and eventually caused the cleavage of PARP. Taken together, these data demonstrated that EEER had a potent 5α-reductase inhibitory activity and that EEER treatment in BPH-1 cells inhibited cell viability via caspase-8- and caspase-3-dependent apoptosis. Therefore, EEER may be a potential phytotherapeutic agent for the treatment of BPH. Full article

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Chemical structure of the three bioactive marker compounds of E. rutaecarpa. Full article ">Figure 2
Quantitative analysis of the three marker compounds of ethanol extract of E. rutaecarpa (EEER). HPLC chromatograms of the standard mixture (A) and EEER (B) at a UV wavelength of 205 nm (I), 254 nm (II), and 340 nm (III). Rutaevin (1), evodiamine (2), and rutaecarpine (3). Full article ">Figure 3
Effect of EEER on the growth of BPH-1 cells. (A) Cells were treated with vehicle or EEER for 24 and 48 h at the indicated concentration and the relative cell viability was assessed using the CCK-8 assay. DMSO was used as the vehicle. (B) The assessment of protein expression levels was performed via western blot analysis (left). The relative cyclin D1 and PCNA levels and phospho-ERK1/2 levels were normalized to that of β-actin and ERK1/2 levels, respectively. The densitometric analysis was performed using the Image Lab software (right). The data are the mean ± SEM of three independent experiments. * p < 0.05 and ** p < 0.01 compared with the vehicle control. Full article ">Figure 4
Effect of EEER on apoptosis in BPH-1 cells. Cells were treated with vehicle or EEER for 24 h at the indicated concentrations. (A) Representative images of cell confluence and morphology observed under a phase-contrast microscope (magnification 100×). (B) Representative images of DAPI-stained cells observed under a fluorescence microscope (scale bar, 20 μm). The arrows indicate signs of apoptotic morphology, including chromatin condensation and apoptotic bodies. (C) Fragmentation of genomic DNA as analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis. Images are representative of three independent experiments. Full article ">Figure 5
Effect of EEER on caspase activation in BPH-1 cells. (A) Caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9 activities. Cytosolic extracts (200 μg) from cells treated with vehicle or EEER for 24 h were subjected to caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9 colorimetric assays; (B) The protein levels of total PARP and cleaved PARP were assessed by western blot analysis. Data are representative of three independent experiments performed in triplicate. ** p < 0.01 compared with the vehicle control. Full article ">

12 pages, 312 KiB

Open AccessReview

Astaxanthin in Skin Health, Repair, and Disease: A Comprehensive Review

by Sergio Davinelli, Michael E. Nielsen and Giovanni Scapagnini

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 522; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040522 - 22 Apr 2018

Cited by 291 | Viewed by 32063

Abstract

Astaxanthin, a xanthophyll carotenoid, is a secondary metabolite naturally synthesized by a number of bacteria, microalgae, and yeasts. The commercial production of this pigment has traditionally been performed by chemical synthesis, but the microalga Haematococcus pluvialis appears to be the most promising source [...] Read more.

Astaxanthin, a xanthophyll carotenoid, is a secondary metabolite naturally synthesized by a number of bacteria, microalgae, and yeasts. The commercial production of this pigment has traditionally been performed by chemical synthesis, but the microalga Haematococcus pluvialis appears to be the most promising source for its industrial biological production. Due to its collective diverse functions in skin biology, there is mounting evidence that astaxanthin possesses various health benefits and important nutraceutical applications in the field of dermatology. Although still debated, a range of potential mechanisms through which astaxanthin might exert its benefits on skin homeostasis have been proposed, including photoprotective, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects. This review summarizes the available data on the functional role of astaxanthin in skin physiology, outlines potential mechanisms involved in the response to astaxanthin, and highlights the potential clinical implications associated with its consumption. Full article

15 pages, 651 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Stability of Antiradical Activity of Protein Extracts and Hydrolysates from Dry-Cured Pork Loins with Probiotic Strains of LAB

by Paulina Kęska and Joanna Stadnik

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 521; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040521 - 22 Apr 2018

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 5200

Abstract

The application of starter cultures to improve quality and safety has become a very common practice in the meat industry. Probiotic strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) can also bring health benefits by releasing bioactive peptides. The aim of this work was to [...] Read more.

The application of starter cultures to improve quality and safety has become a very common practice in the meat industry. Probiotic strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) can also bring health benefits by releasing bioactive peptides. The aim of this work was to evaluate the stability of antiradical activity of protein extracts from LAB-inoculated dry-cured pork loins during long-term aging and evaluate their hydrolysates after simulated gastrointestinal digestion. Analyses of hydrolysates by using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) were strengthened with in silico analysis. The highest antiradical activity of the protein extracts was observed after 180 days of aging. The influence of the strain used (LOCK, BAUER, or BB12) on the inactivation ability of ABTS radicals varied during long-term aging. The IC₅₀ values indicated the higher antiradical properties of salt-soluble (SSF) compared to water-soluble fraction (WSF) of proteins. The peptides generated by in vitro digestion have MW between 700 and 4232 Da and their length ranged from 5 to 47 amino acids in a sequence where Leu, Pro, Lys, Glu, and His had the largest share. This study demonstrates that the degradation of pork muscle proteins during gastrointestinal digestion may give rise to a wide variety of peptides with antiradical properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impact of Bioactive Peptides on Human Health)

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15 pages, 951 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Infant Feeding Attitudes and Practices of Spanish Low-Risk Expectant Women Using the IIFAS (Iowa Infant Feeding Attitude Scale)

by María Del Carmen Suárez Cotelo, María Jesús Movilla-Fernández, Paula Pita-García and Silvia Novío

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 520; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040520 - 22 Apr 2018

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 9316

Abstract

The Iowa Infant Feeding Attitude Scale (IIFAS) has been shown to have good psychometric properties for English-speaking populations, but it has not been validated among low-risk pregnant women in Spain. The aim of this study was to assess the reliability and validity of [...] Read more.

The Iowa Infant Feeding Attitude Scale (IIFAS) has been shown to have good psychometric properties for English-speaking populations, but it has not been validated among low-risk pregnant women in Spain. The aim of this study was to assess the reliability and validity of the translated version of the IIFAS in order to examine infant feeding attitudes in Spanish women with an uncomplicated pregnancy. Low-risk expectant women (n = 297) were recruited from eight primary public health care centres in Galicia (Spain). Questionnaires including both socio-demographic and breastfeeding characteristics and items about infant feeding were administered during the third trimester. Participants were contacted by telephone during the postpartum period to obtain information regarding their infant feeding status. Prediction validity and internal consistency were assessed. The translated IIFAS (69.76 ± 7.75), which had good psychometric properties (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.785; area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve = 0.841, CI_95% = 0.735–0.948), showed more positive attitudes towards breastfeeding than towards formula feeding, especially among mothers who intended to exclusively breastfeed. This scale was also useful for inferring the intent to breastfeed and duration of breastfeeding. This study provides evidence that the IIFAS is a reliable and valid tool for assessing infant feeding attitudes in Spanish women with an uncomplicated pregnancy. Full article

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25 pages, 294 KiB

Open AccessArticle

On a Molecular Basis, Investigate Association of Molecular Structure with Bioactive Compounds, Anti-Nutritional Factors and Chemical and Nutrient Profiles of Canola Seeds and Co-Products from Canola Processing: Comparison Crusher Plants within Canada and within China as well as between Canada and China

by Walaa M. S. Gomaa, Gamal M. Mosaad and Peiqiang Yu

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 519; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040519 - 21 Apr 2018

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4226

Abstract

The objectives of this study were to: (1) Use molecular spectroscopy as a novel technique to quantify protein molecular structures in relation to its chemical profiles and bioenergy values in oil-seeds and co-products from bio-oil processing. (2) Determine and compare: (a) protein molecular [...] Read more.

The objectives of this study were to: (1) Use molecular spectroscopy as a novel technique to quantify protein molecular structures in relation to its chemical profiles and bioenergy values in oil-seeds and co-products from bio-oil processing. (2) Determine and compare: (a) protein molecular structure using Fourier transform infrared (FT/IR-ATR) molecular spectroscopy technique; (b) bioactive compounds, anti-nutritional factors, and chemical composition; and (c) bioenergy values in oil seeds (canola seeds), co-products (meal or pellets) from bio-oil processing plants in Canada in comparison with China. (3) Determine the relationship between protein molecular structural features and nutrient profiles in oil-seeds and co-products from bio-oil processing. Our results showed the possibility to characterize protein molecular structure using FT/IR molecular spectroscopy. Processing induced changes between oil seeds and co-products were found in the chemical, bioenergy profiles and protein molecular structure. However, no strong correlation was found between the chemical and nutrient profiles of oil seeds (canola seeds) and their protein molecular structure. On the other hand, co-products were strongly correlated with protein molecular structure in the chemical profile and bioenergy values. Generally, comparisons of oil seeds (canola seeds) and co-products (meal or pellets) in Canada, in China, and between Canada and China indicated the presence of variations among different crusher plants and bio-oil processing products. Full article

15 pages, 1212 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Accuracy of Automatic Carbohydrate, Protein, Fat and Calorie Counting Based on Voice Descriptions of Meals in People with Type 1 Diabetes

by Piotr Ladyzynski, Janusz Krzymien, Piotr Foltynski, Monika Rachuta and Barbara Bonalska

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 518; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040518 - 21 Apr 2018

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 6403

Abstract

The aim of this work was to assess the accuracy of automatic macronutrient and calorie counting based on voice descriptions of meals provided by people with unstable type 1 diabetes using the developed expert system (VoiceDiab) in comparison with reference counting made by [...] Read more.

The aim of this work was to assess the accuracy of automatic macronutrient and calorie counting based on voice descriptions of meals provided by people with unstable type 1 diabetes using the developed expert system (VoiceDiab) in comparison with reference counting made by a dietitian, and to evaluate the impact of insulin doses recommended by a physician on glycemic control in the study’s participants. We also compared insulin doses calculated using the algorithm implemented in the VoiceDiab system. Meal descriptions were provided by 30 hospitalized patients (mean hemoglobin A1c of 8.4%, i.e., 68 mmol/mol). In 16 subjects, the physician determined insulin boluses based on the data provided by the system, and in 14 subjects, by data provided by the dietitian. On one hand, differences introduced by patients who subjectively described their meals compared to those introduced by the system that used the average characteristics of food products, although statistically significant, were low enough not to have a significant impact on insulin doses automatically calculated by the system. On the other hand, the glycemic control of patients was comparable regardless of whether the physician was using the system-estimated or the reference content of meals to determine insulin doses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancement in Dietary Assessment and Self-Monitoring Using Technology)

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9 pages, 252 KiB

Open AccessReview

Acid Balance, Dietary Acid Load, and Bone Effects—A Controversial Subject

by Lynda Frassetto, Tanushree Banerjee, Neil Powe and Anthony Sebastian

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 517; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040517 - 21 Apr 2018

Cited by 65 | Viewed by 14728

Abstract

Modern Western diets, with higher contents of animal compared to fruits and vegetable products, have a greater content of acid precursors vs. base precursors, which results in a net acid load to the body. To prevent inexorable accumulation of acid in the body [...] Read more.

Modern Western diets, with higher contents of animal compared to fruits and vegetable products, have a greater content of acid precursors vs. base precursors, which results in a net acid load to the body. To prevent inexorable accumulation of acid in the body and progressively increasing degrees of metabolic acidosis, the body has multiple systems to buffer and titrate acid, including bone which contains large quantities of alkaline salts of calcium. Both in vitro and in vivo studies in animals and humans suggest that bone base helps neutralize part of the dietary net acid load. This raises the question of whether decades of eating a high acid diet might contribute to the loss of bone mass in osteoporosis. If this idea is true, then additional alkali ingestion in the form of net base-producing foods or alkalinizing salts could potentially prevent this acid-related loss of bone. Presently, data exists that support both the proponents as well as the opponents of this hypothesis. Recent literature reviews have tended to support either one side or the other. Assuming that the data cited by both sides is correct, we suggest a way to reconcile the discordant findings. This overview will first discuss dietary acids and bases and the idea of changes in acid balance with increasing age, then review the evidence for and against the usefulness of alkali therapy as a treatment for osteoporosis, and finally suggest a way of reconciling these two opposing points of view. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Prevention and Acid Base Status)

19 pages, 1971 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Regression Analysis to Identify Factors Associated with Urinary Iodine Concentration at the Sub-National Level in India, Ghana, and Senegal

by Jacky Knowles, Roland Kupka, Sam Dumble, Greg S. Garrett, Chandrakant S. Pandav, Kapil Yadav, Ndeye Khady Touré, Esi Foriwa Amoaful and Jonathan Gorstein

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 516; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040516 - 21 Apr 2018

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 5407

Abstract

Single and multiple variable regression analyses were conducted using data from stratified, cluster sample design, iodine surveys in India, Ghana, and Senegal to identify factors associated with urinary iodine concentration (UIC) among women of reproductive age (WRA) at the national and sub-national level. [...] Read more.

Single and multiple variable regression analyses were conducted using data from stratified, cluster sample design, iodine surveys in India, Ghana, and Senegal to identify factors associated with urinary iodine concentration (UIC) among women of reproductive age (WRA) at the national and sub-national level. Subjects were survey household respondents, typically WRA. For all three countries, UIC was significantly different (p < 0.05) by household salt iodine category. Other significant differences were by strata and by household vulnerability to poverty in India and Ghana. In multiple variable regression analysis, UIC was significantly associated with strata and household salt iodine category in India and Ghana (p < 0.001). Estimated UIC was 1.6 (95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.3, 2.0) times higher (India) and 1.4 (95% CI 1.2, 1.6) times higher (Ghana) among WRA from households using adequately iodised salt than among WRA from households using non-iodised salt. Other significant associations with UIC were found in India, with having heard of iodine deficiency (1.2 times higher; CI 1.1, 1.3; p < 0.001) and having improved dietary diversity (1.1 times higher, CI 1.0, 1.2; p = 0.015); and in Ghana, with the level of tomato paste consumption the previous week (p = 0.029) (UIC for highest consumption level was 1.2 times lowest level; CI 1.1, 1.4). No significant associations were found in Senegal. Sub-national data on iodine status are required to assess equity of access to optimal iodine intake and to develop strategic responses as needed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Iodine and Health throughout the Lifecourse)

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Multiple regression analysis including interaction with urban/rural residence type, to estimate predicted UIC (µg/L) among WRA according to household salt iodine category (mg/kg) in India. ○ Urban, ● Rural. * Adjusted estimates with 95% confidence intervals for urinary iodine concentration (UIC), back-transformed from a log-linear model adjusting for strata, multi-dimensional poverty index (MPI) components, awareness of iodine deficiency, dietary diversity, age, and BMI. Full article ">Figure 2
Multiple regression analysis including interaction with strata, to estimate predicted UIC (µg/L) among WRA according to household salt iodine category (mg/kg) in (a) Ghana ○ South-salt-producing, ● North, ∆ Mid, ▲ South-non-salt-producing and (b) Senegal ○ Rural-salt-producing, ● Rural-non-salt-producing, ∆ Urban. * Adjusted estimates with 95% confidence intervals for urinary iodine concentration (UIC); back-transformed from a log-linear model adjusting for residence type; multi-dimensional poverty index (MPI) components; awareness of iodine deficiency; dietary diversity; age; estimated consumption of tomato paste, bouillon and instant noodles. Full article ">Figure 2 Cont.
Multiple regression analysis including interaction with strata, to estimate predicted UIC (µg/L) among WRA according to household salt iodine category (mg/kg) in (a) Ghana ○ South-salt-producing, ● North, ∆ Mid, ▲ South-non-salt-producing and (b) Senegal ○ Rural-salt-producing, ● Rural-non-salt-producing, ∆ Urban. * Adjusted estimates with 95% confidence intervals for urinary iodine concentration (UIC); back-transformed from a log-linear model adjusting for residence type; multi-dimensional poverty index (MPI) components; awareness of iodine deficiency; dietary diversity; age; estimated consumption of tomato paste, bouillon and instant noodles. Full article ">

15 pages, 1147 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Mediating Role of Overweight and Obesity in the Prospective Association between Overall Dietary Quality and Healthy Aging

by Karen E. Assmann, Indunil Ruhunuhewa, Moufidath Adjibade, Zhen Li, Raphaëlle Varraso, Serge Hercberg, Pilar Galan and Emmanuelle Kesse-Guyot

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 515; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040515 - 20 Apr 2018

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4866

Abstract

Background: Our objective was to quantify to what extent the association between adherence to the French nutritional recommendations at midlife, measured by the Programme National Nutrition Santé-Guideline Score (PNNS-GS), and healthy aging (HA) is mediated by body mass index (BMI) status. Methods: We [...] Read more.

Background: Our objective was to quantify to what extent the association between adherence to the French nutritional recommendations at midlife, measured by the Programme National Nutrition Santé-Guideline Score (PNNS-GS), and healthy aging (HA) is mediated by body mass index (BMI) status. Methods: We analyzed data from 2249 participants of the French ‘Supplementation with Vitamins and Mineral Antioxidants’ (SU.VI.MAX-‘SUpplémentation en VItamines et Minéraux AntioXydants’) cohort. At baseline (1994–1995), data on BMI status (<25 vs. ≥25 and <30 vs. ≥30) and diet were collected. At follow-up (2007–2009), HA status (yes/no) was evaluated via a multidimensional concept focusing on chronic disease incidence, physical and cognitive functioning, mental and social health, pain, and perceived health. Relative risks (RR) were estimated by extensively adjusted robust-error-variance Poisson regression, and counterfactual-based mediation analysis was performed. Results: Our HA criteria were met by 39% of participants. We identified a positive direct relation of a greater adherence to the French nutritional recommendations, with the probability of HA (RR_{Quartile 4 vs. quartile 1} = 1.31 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.13, 1.53)), and an indirect relation mediated by BMI status (1.01 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.02)), accounting for 5% of the total relation. Conclusion: These results indicate that high dietary quality may contribute to the preservation of overall health during aging, partly via obesity prevention and partly via other mechanisms. Full article

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18 pages, 2953 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prophylactic Neuroprotection of Total Glucosides of Paeoniae Radix Alba against Semen Strychni-Induced Neurotoxicity in Rats: Suppressing Oxidative Stress and Reducing the Absorption of Toxic Components

by Shujuan Li, Yanjie Chu, Ruowen Zhang, Linjia Sun and Xiaohui Chen

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 514; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040514 - 20 Apr 2018

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 4982

Abstract

Strychnos alkaloids (SAs) are the main toxic constituents in Semen Strychni, a traditional Chinese medicine, which is known for its fatal neurotoxicity. Hence, the present study was carried out to evaluate the neurotoxicity induced by SAs and the pre-protective effects of the total [...] Read more.

Strychnos alkaloids (SAs) are the main toxic constituents in Semen Strychni, a traditional Chinese medicine, which is known for its fatal neurotoxicity. Hence, the present study was carried out to evaluate the neurotoxicity induced by SAs and the pre-protective effects of the total glucosides of Paeoniae Radix Alba (TGP). An SA brain damage model was firstly established. The neurotoxicity induced by SAs and the pre-protective effects of TGP were confirmed by physical and behavioral testing, biochemical assay, and histological examination. Then, a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated to investigate the time-course change and distribution of strychnine and brucine (two main SAs) in the brain after oral SA administration with or without TGP pretreatment. Biochemical analysis results indicated that TGP could ameliorate the oxidative stress status caused by SAs. Time-course change and distribution studies demonstrated that strychnine and brucine were rapidly absorbed into the brain, peaked early at 0.5 h, and were mainly located in the hippocampus and cerebellum. TGP showed a pre-protective effect against neurotoxicity by reducing the absorption of toxic alkaloids into the brain. These findings could provide beneficial information in facilitating future studies of Semen Strychni neurotoxicity and developing herbal medicines to alleviate neurotoxicity in the clinic. Full article

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14 pages, 1430 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Iodine Deficiency in a Study Population of Norwegian Pregnant Women—Results from the Little in Norway Study (LiN)

by Lisbeth Dahl, Maria Wik Markhus, Perla Vanessa Roldan Sanchez, Vibeke Moe, Lars Smith, Helle Margrete Meltzer and Marian Kjellevold

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 513; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040513 - 20 Apr 2018

Cited by 37 | Viewed by 9696

Abstract

Iodine sufficiency is particularly important in pregnancy, where median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) in the range of 150–250 µg/L indicates adequate iodine status. The aims of this study were to determine UIC and assess if dietary and maternal characteristics influence the iodine status [...] Read more.

Iodine sufficiency is particularly important in pregnancy, where median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) in the range of 150–250 µg/L indicates adequate iodine status. The aims of this study were to determine UIC and assess if dietary and maternal characteristics influence the iodine status in pregnant Norwegian women. The study comprises a cross-sectional population-based prospective cohort of pregnant women (Little in Norway (LiN)). Median UIC in 954 urine samples was 85 µg/L and 78.4% of the samples (n = 748) were ≤150 µg/L. 23.2% (n = 221) of the samples were ≤50 µg/L and 5.2% (n = 50) were above the requirements of iodine intake (>250 µg/L). Frequent iodine-supplement users (n = 144) had significantly higher UIC (120 µg/L) than non-frequent users (75 µg/L). Frequent milk and dairy product consumers (4–9 portions/day) had significantly higher UIC (99 µg/L) than women consuming 0–1 portion/day (57 µg/L) or 2–3 portions/day (83 µg/L). Women living in mid-Norway (n = 255) had lowest UIC (72 µg/L). In conclusion, this study shows that the diet of the pregnant women did not necessarily secure a sufficient iodine intake. There is an urgent need for public health strategies to secure adequate iodine nutrition among pregnant women in Norway. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Iodine and Health throughout the Lifecourse)

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8 pages, 855 KiB

Open AccessReview

Dietary Treatment of Metabolic Acidosis in Chronic Kidney Disease

by Roswitha Siener

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 512; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040512 - 20 Apr 2018

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 11730

Abstract

Chronic kidney disease and reduced glomerular filtration rate are risk factors for the development of chronic metabolic acidosis. The prevention or correction of chronic metabolic acidosis has been found to slow progression of chronic kidney disease. Dietary composition can strongly affect acid–base balance. [...] Read more.

Chronic kidney disease and reduced glomerular filtration rate are risk factors for the development of chronic metabolic acidosis. The prevention or correction of chronic metabolic acidosis has been found to slow progression of chronic kidney disease. Dietary composition can strongly affect acid–base balance. Major determinants of net endogenous acid production are the generation of large amounts of hydrogen ions, mostly by animal-derived protein, which is counterbalanced by the metabolism of base-producing foods like fruits and vegetables. Alkali therapy of chronic metabolic acidosis can be achieved by providing an alkali-rich diet or oral administration of alkali salts. The primary goal of dietary treatment should be to increase the proportion of fruits and vegetables and to reduce the daily protein intake to 0.8–1.0 g per kg body weight. Diet modifications should begin early, i.e., even in patients with moderate kidney impairment, because usual dietary habits of many developed societies contribute an increased proportion of acid equivalents due to the high intake of protein from animal sources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Prevention and Acid Base Status)

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11 pages, 294 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimal Adherence to a Mediterranean Diet and High Muscular Fitness Are Associated with a Healthier Cardiometabolic Profile in Collegiate Students

by Robinson Ramírez-Vélez, Jorge Enrique Correa-Bautista, Mónica Liliana Ojeda-Pardo, Carolina Sandoval-Cuellar, Antonio García-Hermoso, Hugo Alejandro Carrillo, Katherine González-Ruíz, Daniel Humberto Prieto-Benavides, Alejandra Tordecilla-Sanders, Arvydas Martinkėnas and César Agostinis-Sobrinho

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 511; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040511 - 20 Apr 2018

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4905

Abstract

The aim of the study was to investigate the combined association of adherence to a Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) and muscular fitness (MF) with cardiometabolic health in collegiate students. The present cross-sectional analysis consisted of 1248 (714 females) healthy collegiate students (20.1 ± 2.7 [...] Read more.

The aim of the study was to investigate the combined association of adherence to a Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) and muscular fitness (MF) with cardiometabolic health in collegiate students. The present cross-sectional analysis consisted of 1248 (714 females) healthy collegiate students (20.1 ± 2.7 years old). Adherence to a MedDiet was assessed by a KIDMED (Mediterranean Diet Quality Index) questionnaire. Standing broad jump, standing vertical jump, and isometric handgrip dynamometry were used as indicators of MF. The cardiometabolic profile was assessed using the following components: triglycerides, blood pressure, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, glucose, and waist circumference. Analysis of covariance shows a significant difference in the cardiometabolic profile of both genders between the high MF/low MedDiet and high MF/optimal MedDiet groups, and the low MF/low MedDiet and low MF/optimal MedDiet groups (p < 0.001). No difference was found on cardiometabolic profile between high MF/optimal MedDiet and high MF/low MedDiet, both in males and females. Additionally, logistic regression shows that both female (odds ratio (OR) = 2.01; 95% confidence interval (CI): (1.8–3.7); p = 0.02) and male (OR = 3.38; 95% CI: (1.9–5.8); p < 0.001) participants in the optimal MedDiet/high MF group had the highest odds of expressing a healthier cardiometabolic profile as compared to those in the low MF/low MedDiet group. In conclusion, a combination of high MF levels and optimal adherence to a MedDiet is associated with a healthier cardiometabolic profile; however, high MF levels seem to circumvent the deleterious effects of having a low adherence to a MedDiet. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Balancing Physical Activity and Nutrition for Human Health)

14 pages, 1235 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dose-Response Relationship between Serum Retinol Levels and Survival in Patients with Colorectal Cancer: Results from the DACHS Study

by Haifa Maalmi, Viola Walter, Lina Jansen, Robert W. Owen, Alexis Ulrich, Ben Schöttker, Jenny Chang-Claude, Michael Hoffmeister and Hermann Brenner

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 510; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040510 - 19 Apr 2018

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 5010

Abstract

Current knowledge on the role of retinol in the prognosis of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) is very limited. We investigated the association of serum retinol levels with survival outcomes in a large cohort of 2908 CRC patients from Germany. Retinol concentrations were [...] Read more.

Current knowledge on the role of retinol in the prognosis of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) is very limited. We investigated the association of serum retinol levels with survival outcomes in a large cohort of 2908 CRC patients from Germany. Retinol concentrations were determined in serum collected shortly after diagnosis by mass spectrometry. Associations between serum retinol levels and survival outcomes were assessed using multivariable Cox regression and dose-response analyses. The joint association of serum retinol and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D₃ (25(OH)D₃) with survival outcomes was also examined. During a median follow-up of 4.8 years, 787 deaths occurred, 573 of which were due to CRC. Dose-response curves showed an inverse relationship between serum retinol levels and survival endpoints in the range of <2.4 µmol/L, but no associations at higher levels. Low (<1.2 µmol/L) versus high (≥2.4 µmol/L) serum retinol levels were associated with poorer overall survival (Hazard ratio (HR) = 1.46, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.19–1.78, P-trend = 0.0003) and CRC-specific survival (HR = 1.69, 95% CI = 1.33–2.15, P-trend < 0.0001). Joint presence of low serum retinol (<1.2 µmol/L) and low 25(OH)D₃ (<30 nmol/L) was associated with a particularly strong decrease in overall and CRC-specific survival. Low serum retinol levels were identified as a predictor of poor survival in CRC patients, in particular when co-occurring with low serum concentrations of 25(OH)D₃. The clinical implications of these findings require further investigation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Colorectal Cancer)

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19 pages, 1249 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Factors Influencing Parental Engagement in an Early Childhood Obesity Prevention Program Implemented at Scale: The Infant Program

by Penelope Love, Rachel Laws, Eloise Litterbach and Karen J. Campbell

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 509; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040509 - 19 Apr 2018

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 8502

Abstract

The ‘early years’ is a crucial period for the prevention of childhood obesity. Health services are well placed to deliver preventive programs to families, however, they usually rely on voluntary attendance, which is challenging given low parental engagement. This study explored factors influencing [...] Read more.

The ‘early years’ is a crucial period for the prevention of childhood obesity. Health services are well placed to deliver preventive programs to families, however, they usually rely on voluntary attendance, which is challenging given low parental engagement. This study explored factors influencing engagement in the Infant Program: a group-based obesity prevention program facilitated by maternal and child health nurses within first-time parent groups. Six 1.5 h sessions were delivered at three-month intervals when the infants were 3–18 months. A multi-site qualitative exploratory approach was used, and program service providers and parents were interviewed. Numerous interrelated factors were identified, linked to two themes: the transition to parenthood, and program processes. Personal factors enabling engagement included parents’ heightened need for knowledge, affirmation and social connections. Adjusting to the baby’s routine and increased parental self-efficacy were associated with diminished engagement. Organisational factors that challenged embedding program delivery into routine practice included aspects of program promotion, referral and scheduling and workforce resources. Program factors encompassed program content, format, resources and facilitators, with the program being described as meeting parental expectations, although some messages were perceived as difficult to implement. The study findings provide insight into potential strategies to address modifiable barriers to parental engagement in early-year interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Early Life Nutrition: From Nutrients to Systems)

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20 pages, 696 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Regression Analysis to Identify Factors Associated with Household Salt Iodine Content at the Sub-National Level in Bangladesh, India, Ghana and Senegal

by Jacky Knowles, Roland Kupka, Sam Dumble, Greg S. Garrett, Chandrakant S. Pandav, Kapil Yadav, Baitun Nahar, Ndeye Khady Touré, Esi Foriwa Amoaful and Jonathan Gorstein

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 508; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040508 - 19 Apr 2018

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 5917

Abstract

Regression analyses of data from stratified, cluster sample, household iodine surveys in Bangladesh, India, Ghana and Senegal were conducted to identify factors associated with household access to adequately iodised salt. For all countries, in single variable analyses, household salt iodine was significantly different [...] Read more.

Regression analyses of data from stratified, cluster sample, household iodine surveys in Bangladesh, India, Ghana and Senegal were conducted to identify factors associated with household access to adequately iodised salt. For all countries, in single variable analyses, household salt iodine was significantly different (p < 0.05) between strata (geographic areas with representative data, defined by survey design), and significantly higher (p < 0.05) among households: with better living standard scores, where the respondent knew about iodised salt and/or looked for iodised salt at purchase, using salt bought in a sealed package, or using refined grain salt. Other country-level associations were also found. Multiple variable analyses showed a significant association between salt iodine and strata (p < 0.001) in India, Ghana and Senegal and that salt grain type was significantly associated with estimated iodine content in all countries (p < 0.001). Salt iodine relative to the reference (coarse salt) ranged from 1.3 (95% CI 1.2, 1.5) times higher for fine salt in Senegal to 3.6 (95% CI 2.6, 4.9) times higher for washed and 6.5 (95% CI 4.9, 8.8) times higher for refined salt in India. Sub-national data are required to monitor equity of access to adequately iodised salt. Improving household access to refined iodised salt in sealed packaging, would improve iodine intake from household salt in all four countries in this analysis, particularly in areas where there is significant small-scale salt production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Iodine and Health throughout the Lifecourse)

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Multiple regression analysis including interaction with strata, to estimate household salt iodine (mg/kg) according to salt grain type in (a) Bangladesh, ○ Rural low-performing, ● Rural other, ∆ Urban; (b) India, ○ South, ● West, ∆ Central, ▲ North, □ East, ∎ North East; (c) Ghana, ○ South-salt-producing, ● North, ∆ Mid, ▲ South-non-salt-producing; and (d) Senegal. ○ Rural-salt-producing, ● Rural-non-salt-producing, ∆ Urban. * Adjusted estimates with 95% confidence intervals for salt iodine content, back-transformed from a log-linear model adjusting for: urban/rural residence, multi-dimensional poverty index (MPI) components, awareness of iodised salt, awareness of iodine deficiency, salt brand, iodine label or logo on packaging (except Bangladesh), and respondent looked for iodised salt at purchase. Full article ">Figure 1 Cont.
Multiple regression analysis including interaction with strata, to estimate household salt iodine (mg/kg) according to salt grain type in (a) Bangladesh, ○ Rural low-performing, ● Rural other, ∆ Urban; (b) India, ○ South, ● West, ∆ Central, ▲ North, □ East, ∎ North East; (c) Ghana, ○ South-salt-producing, ● North, ∆ Mid, ▲ South-non-salt-producing; and (d) Senegal. ○ Rural-salt-producing, ● Rural-non-salt-producing, ∆ Urban. * Adjusted estimates with 95% confidence intervals for salt iodine content, back-transformed from a log-linear model adjusting for: urban/rural residence, multi-dimensional poverty index (MPI) components, awareness of iodised salt, awareness of iodine deficiency, salt brand, iodine label or logo on packaging (except Bangladesh), and respondent looked for iodised salt at purchase. Full article ">Figure 1 Cont.
Multiple regression analysis including interaction with strata, to estimate household salt iodine (mg/kg) according to salt grain type in (a) Bangladesh, ○ Rural low-performing, ● Rural other, ∆ Urban; (b) India, ○ South, ● West, ∆ Central, ▲ North, □ East, ∎ North East; (c) Ghana, ○ South-salt-producing, ● North, ∆ Mid, ▲ South-non-salt-producing; and (d) Senegal. ○ Rural-salt-producing, ● Rural-non-salt-producing, ∆ Urban. * Adjusted estimates with 95% confidence intervals for salt iodine content, back-transformed from a log-linear model adjusting for: urban/rural residence, multi-dimensional poverty index (MPI) components, awareness of iodised salt, awareness of iodine deficiency, salt brand, iodine label or logo on packaging (except Bangladesh), and respondent looked for iodised salt at purchase. Full article ">Figure 2
Multiple variable regression analysis including interaction with strata in Senegal; ○ Rural-salt-producing, ● Rural-non-salt-producing, ∆ Urban; to estimate household salt iodine (mg/kg) according to household multi-dimensional poverty index (MPI) (living standards). * Adjusted estimates with 95% confidence intervals for salt iodine content, back-transformed from a log-linear model adjusting for: urban/rural residence, MPI components (education and health/nutrition), awareness of iodised salt, awareness of iodine deficiency, salt brand, iodine label or logo on packaging, respondent looked for iodised salt at purchase, and grain type. Full article ">

11 pages, 1204 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Whey Protein Hydrolysate Ingestion on Postprandial Aminoacidemia Compared with a Free Amino Acid Mixture in Young Men

by Kyosuke Nakayama, Chiaki Sanbongi and Shuji Ikegami

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 507; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040507 - 19 Apr 2018

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 9218

Abstract

To stimulate muscle protein synthesis, it is important to increase the plasma levels of essential amino acids (EAA), especially leucine, by ingesting proteins. Protein hydrolysate ingestion can induce postprandial hyperaminoacidemia; however, it is unclear whether protein hydrolysate is associated with higher levels of [...] Read more.

To stimulate muscle protein synthesis, it is important to increase the plasma levels of essential amino acids (EAA), especially leucine, by ingesting proteins. Protein hydrolysate ingestion can induce postprandial hyperaminoacidemia; however, it is unclear whether protein hydrolysate is associated with higher levels of aminoacidemia compared with a free amino acid mixture when both are ingested orally. We assessed the effects of whey protein hydrolysate (WPH) ingestion on postprandial aminoacidemia, especially plasma leucine levels, compared to ingestion of a free amino acid mixture. This study was an open-label, randomized, 4 × 4 Latin square design. After 12–15 h of fasting, 11 healthy young men ingested the WPH (3.3, 5.0, or 7.5 g of protein) or the EAA mixture (2.5 g). Blood samples were collected before ingestion and at time points from 10 to 120 min after ingestion, and amino acids, insulin, glucose and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) concentrations in plasma were measured. Even though the EAA mixture and 5.0 g of the WPH contained similar amounts of EAA and leucine, the WPH was associated with significantly higher plasma EAA and leucine levels. These results suggest that the WPH can induce a higher level of aminoacidemia compared with a free amino acid mixture when both are ingested orally. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sport and Performance Nutrition)

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Plasma EAA concentration (A) changes from baseline and (B) AUCs. Values are mean ± standard error of the mean. * Significantly different from EAA, p < 0.05. AUC: area under the curve; WPH: whey protein hydrolysate; EAA: essential amino acids. Full article ">Figure 2
Plasma leucine concentration (A) changes from baseline and (B) AUCs. Values are mean ± standard error of the mean. * Significantly different from EAA, p < 0.05. Leu: leucine; AUC: area under the curve; WPH: whey protein hydrolysate; EAA: essential amino acids. Full article ">Figure 3
Plasma amino acids concentration changes from baseline. (A), His; (B), Ile; (C), Lys; (D), Met; (E), Phe; (F), Thr; (G), Trp; (H), Val; (I), Arg. Values are mean ± standard error of the mean. * Significantly different from EAA, p < 0.05. His: histidine; Ile: isoleucine; Lys: lysine; Met: methionine; Phe: phenylalanine; Thr: threonine; Trp: tryptophan; Val: valine; Arg: arginine; WPH: whey protein hydrolysate; EAA: essential amino acids. Full article ">Figure 4
Plasma insulin concentration (A) changes from baseline and (B) AUCs. Values are mean ± standard error of the mean. * Significantly different from EAA, p < 0.05. AUC: area under the curve; WPH: whey protein hydrolysate; EAA: essential amino acids. Full article ">Figure 5
Plasma IGF-1 concentration (A) changes from baseline and (B) AUCs. Values are mean ± standard error of the mean. AUC: area under the curve; WPH: whey protein hydrolysate; EAA: essential amino acids. Full article ">

13 pages, 3859 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Protein Intake and Distribution in Relation to Physical Functioning and Quality of Life in Community-Dwelling Elderly People: Acknowledging the Role of Physical Activity

by Dominique S. M. Ten Haaf, Ellen J. I. Van Dongen, Malou A. H. Nuijten, Thijs M. H. Eijsvogels, Lisette C. P. G. M. De Groot and Maria T. E. Hopman

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 506; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040506 - 19 Apr 2018

Cited by 49 | Viewed by 11160

Abstract

Increasing total protein intake and a spread protein intake distribution are potential strategies to attenuate sarcopenia related loss of physical function and quality of life. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate whether protein intake and protein intake distribution are associated [...] Read more.

Increasing total protein intake and a spread protein intake distribution are potential strategies to attenuate sarcopenia related loss of physical function and quality of life. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate whether protein intake and protein intake distribution are associated with muscle strength, physical function and quality of life in community-dwelling elderly people with a wide range of physical activity. Dietary and physical activity data were obtained from two studies (N = 140, age 81 ± 6, 64% male), with the following outcome measures: physical functioning (Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), comprising balance, gait speed and chair rise tests), handgrip strength and quality of life (EQ-5D-5L). Protein intake distribution was calculated for each participant as a coefficient of variance (CV = SD of grams of protein intake per main meal divided by the average total amount of proteins (grams) of the main meals). Based on the CV, participants were divided into tertiles and classified as spread, intermediate or pulse. The average total protein intake was 1.08 ± 0.29 g/kg/day. Total protein intake was not associated with outcome measures using multivariate regression analyses. Individuals with a spread protein diet during the main meals (CV < 0.43) had higher gait speed compared to those with an intermediate diet (CV 0.43–0.62) (β = −0.42, p = 0.035), whereas a spread and pulse protein diet were not associated with SPPB total score, chair rise, grip strength and Quality-Adjusted Life Year (QALY). The interaction of higher physical activity and higher total protein intake was significantly associated with higher quality of life (β = 0.71, p = 0.049). While this interaction was not associated with SPPB or grip strength, the association with quality of life emphasizes the need for a higher total protein intake together with an active lifestyle in the elderly. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Ageing)

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Protein intake during main meals of the participants in tertiles based on CV (coefficient of variance). Participants in the spread group (n = 46, CV < 0.43) had a significantly higher protein intake at dinner compared to the protein intake at breakfast and lunch. Participants in the intermediate group (n = 48, CV 0.43–0.62) and participants in the pulse group (n = 46, CV > 0.62) had significant different intakes at all main meals. * p < 0.001, ** p = 0.011. Data are presented as means ± SDs. Full article ">Figure 2
Hand grip strength of 3 groups based on distribution pattern of protein intake during the main meals determined with CV (coefficient of variance). Participants in the spread group (n = 46, CV < 0.43), intermediate group (n = 48, CV 0.43–0.62) and pulse group (n = 46, CV > 0.62) had similar grip strength. N.s., not significant. Data are presented as means ± SDs. Full article ">Figure 3
SPPB (Short Physical Performance Battery) total score (a); balance score (b); gait speed (c) and chair rise ability (d) of 3 groups based on distribution pattern of protein intake during the main meals determined with CV (coefficient of variance). Participants in the spread group (n = 46, CV < 0.43), intermediate group (n = 48, CV 0.43–0.62) and pulse group (n = 46, CV > 0.62) had similar scores for SPPB (a) and balance (b) and similar chair rise ability (d). Gait speed was significantly higher in the spread distribution group (3.7 ± 0.7) compared to the intermediate group (4.2 ± 1.1) p = 0.045. N.s., not significant. Data are presented as means ± SDs. Full article ">Figure 4
QALY (Quality-Adjusted Life Year) (a) and health score (b) of 3 groups based on distribution pattern of protein intake during the main meals determined with CV (coefficient of variance). Participants in the spread group (n = 46, CV < 0.43), intermediate group (n = 48, CV 0.43–0.62) and pulse group (n = 46, CV > 0.62) had similar QALY and health scores. N.s., not significant. Data are presented as means ± SDs. Full article ">

12 pages, 686 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Factors Associated with Hypermetabolism and Hypometabolism in Critically Ill AKI Patients

by Cassiana R. de Góes, André Luis Balbi and Daniela Ponce

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 505; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040505 - 19 Apr 2018

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 5499

Abstract

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a frequent and serious condition with high mortality. The presence of hypermetabolism may be a factor related to poorer prognosis. This study evaluated the resting energy expenditure (REE) of intensive care unit (ICU) patients with severe AKI using [...] Read more.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a frequent and serious condition with high mortality. The presence of hypermetabolism may be a factor related to poorer prognosis. This study evaluated the resting energy expenditure (REE) of intensive care unit (ICU) patients with severe AKI using indirect calorimetry (IC) and identified factors associated with metabolism categories. Patients were evaluated through measurement of REE and estimation of basal energy expenditure (BEE) using the Harris–Benedict equation. Metabolism categories were as follows: hypermetabolism (REE/BEE > 1.3) and hypometabolism (REE/BEE < 0.9). The metabolism categories were compared using ANOVA and the chi-square test. Variables were analyzed by multiple logistic regression tests. Also, survivors and non-survivors were compared using Student’s t-tests along with Cox regression tests. Kaplan–Meier survival curves were also performed. We evaluated 124 patients with a mean age of 61.08 ± 16.6 years. Sixty-four patients were hypermetabolic (62%) and 18 were hypometabolic (14%). Vasoactive drug (VAD) dose and younger age were independently associated with hypermetabolism. The survival analysis was not associated with metabolism categorization. In conclusion, patients with severe AKI are mostly hypermetabolic and hypermetabolic patients of a lower age receiving treatment with higher VAD doses. The only factors associated with death were protein intake and VAD dose. Full article

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15 pages, 317 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Fiber Intake and Metabolic Syndrome Risk Factors among Young South African Adults

by Machoene D. Sekgala, Zandile J. Mchiza, Whadi-ah Parker and Kotsedi D. Monyeki

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 504; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040504 - 18 Apr 2018

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 7880

Abstract

This study attempts to bridge the research gap regarding the importance of dietary fiber in reducing metabolic syndrome (MetS) risk factors in young rural South Africans. A total of 627 individuals (309 males and 318 females) aged 18–30 years participated in the study. [...] Read more.

This study attempts to bridge the research gap regarding the importance of dietary fiber in reducing metabolic syndrome (MetS) risk factors in young rural South Africans. A total of 627 individuals (309 males and 318 females) aged 18–30 years participated in the study. Dietary intake was measured using a validated 24-h recall method. The consumption of different types of dietary fiber (total, soluble, and insoluble) was calculated and presented as grams. Anthropometrics, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, and lipid profiles were measured according to standard protocols. According to the definition of the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), the prevalence of MetS was 23.1%. Overall, the total median [interquartile range (IQR)] values for total, insoluble, and soluble fiber consumed were 4.6 g [0.0–48.9], 0.0 g [0.0–18.0], and 0.0 g [0.0–15.0], respectively. Females had a higher median [IQR] intake of total (5.1 g [0.0–48.9] vs. 4.3 g [0.0–43.9]), insoluble (0.0 g [0.0–18.0] vs. 0.0 g [0.0–12.0]), and soluble fiber (0.0 g [0.0–14.9] vs. 0.0 g [0.0–7.3]) than males, respectively. The mean values for waist circumference, fasting blood glucose, and total cholesterol were higher in females than males (82.20 cm vs. 75.07 cm; 5.59 mmol/L vs. 5.44 mmol/L; and 4.26 mmol/L vs. 4.03 mmol/L, respectively), with significant differences observed for waist circumference and total cholesterol (p < 0.001 and p = 0.005, respectively). More than 97% of participants had fiber intakes below the recommended levels. After adjusting for all potential confounders (age, gender, and energy), log total fiber was inversely associated with fasting blood glucose (β = −0.019, 95% CI [−0.042 to 0.003], p < 0.05), systolic blood pressure (β = −0.002, 95% CI [−0.050 to 0.002], p < 0.05) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (β = −0.085, 95% CI [−0.173 to 0.002], p = 0.051) This study may be of public health relevance, providing a potential link between less dietary fiber intake and fasting blood glucose (FBG) and both systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Therefore, this observational data encourages public health policy measures to increase the consumption of dietary fiber in rural communities in order to lower the burden of MetS and its associated risk factors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Fiber in the Prevention and Management of Human Obesity and Related Chronic Diseases)

15 pages, 17049 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Taiwanese Green Propolis Ethanol Extract Delays the Progression of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Rats Treated with Streptozotocin/High-Fat Diet

by Li-Han Chen, Yi-Wen Chien, Mei-Ling Chang, Chia-Chung Hou, Ching-Hung Chan, Hung-Wei Tang and Hui-Yu Huang

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 503; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040503 - 18 Apr 2018

Cited by 43 | Viewed by 6432

Abstract

Taiwanese green propolis ethanol extract (TGPE) is produced only in Taiwan and has a different composition from other types of propolis. TGPE is known for its anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation, and anti-microbial properties, but the effects and mechanisms of TGPE in the modulation of diabetes [...] Read more.

Taiwanese green propolis ethanol extract (TGPE) is produced only in Taiwan and has a different composition from other types of propolis. TGPE is known for its anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation, and anti-microbial properties, but the effects and mechanisms of TGPE in the modulation of diabetes are unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of TGPE on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in a streptozotocin/high-fat-diet (STZ/HFD)-induced T2DM rat model. The results revealed that TGPE delayed the development and progression of T2DM and reduced the severity of β-cell failure. TGPE also attenuated inflammation and reactive oxygen species ROS in the rats. Moreover, there were higher levels of oxidant cytokines, leptin, and adiponectin in the serum of the TGPE-treated group. Unlike Brazilian propolis, TGPE promoted hepatic genes PPAR-α and CYP7A1, which were related to lipid catabolism and removal. TGPE may thus delay the progression of T2DM through anti-inflammation effects, anti-oxidation effects, and balancing lipid metabolism. It is suggested that TGPE can be a potential alternative medicine for T2DM. Full article

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11 pages, 550 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Sodium and Other Nutrient Intakes among Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis in New Zealand

by Zhengxiu Xie, Rachael McLean and Mark Marshall

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 502; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040502 - 18 Apr 2018

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4831

Abstract

This study describes baseline intakes of sodium and other nutrients in a multi-ethnic sample of hemodialysis patients in New Zealand participating in the SoLID Trial between May/2013 to May/2016. Baseline 3-day weighed food record collections were analyzed using Foodworks 8 Professional food composition [...] Read more.

This study describes baseline intakes of sodium and other nutrients in a multi-ethnic sample of hemodialysis patients in New Zealand participating in the SoLID Trial between May/2013 to May/2016. Baseline 3-day weighed food record collections were analyzed using Foodworks 8 Professional food composition database, supplemented by other sources of nutrient information. Intakes of dietary sodium and other nutrients were compared with relevant guidelines and clinical recommendations. Eighty-five participants completed a 3-day weighed food record. The mean (SD) sodium intake was 2502 (957) mg/day at and more than half of the participants exceeded recommended intake levels. Sodium intake was positively associated with energy intake. Only 5% of participants met the recommended calorie density; nine percent of participants ate the recommended minimum of 1.2 g/kg of protein per day; 68% of participants were consuming inadequate fiber at baseline. A high proportion of dialysis patients in SoLID Trial did not meet current renal-specific dietary recommendations. The data show excess sodium intake. It is also evident that there was poor adherence to dietary guidelines for a range of other nutrients. A total diet approach is needed to lower sodium intake and improve total diet quality among hemodialysis patients in New Zealand. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrients and Renal Function)

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30 pages, 4122 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Defining ‘Unhealthy’: A Systematic Analysis of Alignment between the Australian Dietary Guidelines and the Health Star Rating System

by Alexandra Jones, Karin Rådholm and Bruce Neal

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 501; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040501 - 18 Apr 2018

Cited by 36 | Viewed by 14163

Abstract

The Australian Dietary Guidelines (ADGs) and Health Star Rating (HSR) front-of-pack labelling system are two national interventions to promote healthier diets. Our aim was to assess the degree of alignment between the two policies. Methods: Nutrition information was extracted for 65,660 packaged foods [...] Read more.

The Australian Dietary Guidelines (ADGs) and Health Star Rating (HSR) front-of-pack labelling system are two national interventions to promote healthier diets. Our aim was to assess the degree of alignment between the two policies. Methods: Nutrition information was extracted for 65,660 packaged foods available in The George Institute’s Australian FoodSwitch database. Products were classified ‘core’ or ‘discretionary’ based on the ADGs, and a HSR generated irrespective of whether currently displayed on pack. Apparent outliers were identified as those products classified ‘core’ that received HSR ≤ 2.0; and those classified ‘discretionary’ that received HSR ≥ 3.5. Nutrient cut-offs were applied to determine whether apparent outliers were ‘high in’ salt, total sugar or saturated fat, and outlier status thereby attributed to a failure of the ADGs or HSR algorithm. Results: 47,116 products (23,460 core; 23,656 discretionary) were included. Median (Q1, Q3) HSRs were 4.0 (3.0 to 4.5) for core and 2.0 (1.0 to 3.0) for discretionary products. Overall alignment was good: 86.6% of products received a HSR aligned with their ADG classification. Among 6324 products identified as apparent outliers, 5246 (83.0%) were ultimately determined to be ADG failures, largely caused by challenges in defining foods as ‘core’ or ‘discretionary’. In total, 1078 (17.0%) were determined to be true failures of the HSR algorithm. Conclusion: The scope of genuine misalignment between the ADGs and HSR algorithm is very small. We provide evidence-informed recommendations for strengthening both policies to more effectively guide Australians towards healthier choices. Full article

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12 pages, 2225 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Diets and Feeding Practices during the First 1000 Days Window in the Phnom Penh and North Eastern Districts of Cambodia

by Somphos Vicheth Som, Sophonneary Prak, Arnaud Laillou, Ludovic Gauthier, Jacques Berger, Etienne Poirot and Frank T. Wieringa

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 500; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040500 - 18 Apr 2018

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 5610

Abstract

Although several health and development indicators have improved significantly in Cambodia, inadequate breastfeeding and inappropriate complementary feeding practices leave many children at high risk of malnutrition during the early stages of life. In 2014, the prevalence of wasting and stunting among Cambodian children [...] Read more.

Although several health and development indicators have improved significantly in Cambodia, inadequate breastfeeding and inappropriate complementary feeding practices leave many children at high risk of malnutrition during the early stages of life. In 2014, the prevalence of wasting and stunting among Cambodian children under 5 were 10% and 32%, respectively. Thus, a strong focus on improving feeding practices within the first 1000 days window to reduce child malnutrition prevalence in Cambodia is needed. This cross-sectional study assessed the current feeding practices among of women of reproductive age, pregnant women, lactating women and children less than 24 months living in six districts from Phnom Penh and two rural provinces in the North East of Cambodia. The nutritional status of pregnant women was poor, with 21.4% having a Middle Upper arm circumference below 23 cm. While breastfeeding was predominant within the first 6 months of age in every district, feeding practices of pregnant women and children were a concern, as >70% of the children were not meeting the minimum acceptable diet, and most of the women did not improve their diet during pregnancy. Inadequate nutrition during the first 1000 days is highly prevalent in Cambodia. A comprehensive national Mother, Infant and Young Child Nutrition strategy needs to be developed and operationalized to improve feeding practices of Cambodian women and children. Full article

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10 pages, 1194 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bioelectrical Impedance Phase Angle as an Indicator of Malnutrition in Hospitalized Children with Diagnosed Inflammatory Bowel Diseases—A Case Control Study

by Paweł Więch, Mariusz Dąbrowski, Dariusz Bazaliński, Izabela Sałacińska, Bartosz Korczowski and Monika Binkowska-Bury

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 499; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040499 - 17 Apr 2018

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 6049

Abstract

The phase angle (PhA) seems to be a reliable screening tool for the identification of malnutrition risk in hospitalized children with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The aim of the present study was to assess the body composition and nutritional status of hospitalized children [...] Read more.

The phase angle (PhA) seems to be a reliable screening tool for the identification of malnutrition risk in hospitalized children with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The aim of the present study was to assess the body composition and nutritional status of hospitalized children and adolescents with IBD by using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) with phase angle (PhA) calculation, which has not been evaluated in hospitalized children with IBD yet. A total of 59 children and adolescents aged 4–18 years, with IBD: 34 ulcerative colitis (UC) and 25 Crohn’s disease (CD) were included in the study. The control group consisted of healthy children and adolescents, strictly matched for gender and age in a 1:1 case-control manner. In both groups, BIA was performed and PhA was calculated. IBD patients had significantly lower PhA (UC: 5.34 ± 1.34 vs. 5.96 ± 0.76, p = 0.040; CD: 5.16 ± 1.18 vs. 5.90 ± 0.62, p = 0.009) compared to the control subjects. Significant changes in selected body composition parameters were observed particularly in CD, especially in fat free mass components. Lower phase angle score together with lower body composition parameters and selected nutrition indicators in children and adolescents with IBD demonstrate their worse nutritional and functional status compared to healthy subjects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Enteral Nutrition)

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9 pages, 280 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Serum Hepcidin Concentration in Individuals with Sickle Cell Anemia: Basis for the Dietary Recommendation of Iron

by Juliana Omena, Cláudia Dos Santos Cople-Rodrigues, Jessyca Dias do Amaral Cardoso, Andrea Ribeiro Soares, Marcos Kneip Fleury, Flávia Dos Santos Barbosa Brito, Josely Correa Koury and Marta Citelli

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 498; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040498 - 17 Apr 2018

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 5177

Abstract

Dietary iron requirements in patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) remain unclear. SCD is a neglected hemoglobinopathy characterized by intense erythropoietic activity and anemia. Hepcidin is the hormone mainly responsible for iron homeostasis and intestinal absorption. Intense erythropoietic activity and anemia may reduce [...] Read more.

Dietary iron requirements in patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) remain unclear. SCD is a neglected hemoglobinopathy characterized by intense erythropoietic activity and anemia. Hepcidin is the hormone mainly responsible for iron homeostasis and intestinal absorption. Intense erythropoietic activity and anemia may reduce hepcidin transcription. By contrast, iron overload and inflammation may induce it. Studies on SCD have not evaluated the role of hepcidin in the presence and absence of iron overload. We aimed to compare serum hepcidin concentrations among individuals with sickle cell anemia, with or without iron overload, and those without the disease. Markers of iron metabolism and erythropoietic activity such as hepcidin, ferritin, and growth differentiation factor 15 were evaluated. Three groups participated in the study: the control group, comprised of individuals without SCD (C); those with the disease but without iron overload (SCDw); and those with the disease and iron overload (SCDio). Results showed that hepcidin concentration was higher in the SCDio > C > SCDw group. These data suggest that the dietary iron intake of the SCDio group should not be reduced as higher hepcidin concentrations may reduce the intestinal absorption of iron. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fe Deficiency, Dietary Bioavailbility and Absorption)

13 pages, 13311 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Meeting Vitamin D Requirements in White Caucasians at UK Latitudes: Providing a Choice

by Ann R. Webb, Andreas Kazantzidis, Richard C. Kift, Mark D. Farrar, Jack Wilkinson and Lesley E. Rhodes

Nutrients 2018, 10(4), 497; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040497 - 17 Apr 2018

Cited by 53 | Viewed by 7662

Abstract

The body gains vitamin D through both oral intake (diet/supplementation) and synthesis in skin upon exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR). Sun exposure is the major source for most people even though sun exposure is complex and limited by climate and culture. We aimed [...] Read more.

The body gains vitamin D through both oral intake (diet/supplementation) and synthesis in skin upon exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR). Sun exposure is the major source for most people even though sun exposure is complex and limited by climate and culture. We aimed to quantify the sun exposure required to meet vitamin D targets year-round and determine whether this can be safely achieved in a simply defined manner in the UK as an alternative to increasing vitamin D oral intake. Data from observation (sun exposure, diet, and vitamin D status) and UVR intervention studies performed with white Caucasian adults were combined with modeled all-weather UVR climatology. Daily vitamin D effective UVR doses (all-weather) were calculated across the UK based on ten-year climatology for pre-defined lunchtime exposure regimes. Calculations then determined the time necessary to spend outdoors for the body to gain sufficient vitamin D levels for year-round needs without being sunburnt under differing exposure scenarios. Results show that, in specified conditions, white Caucasians across the UK need nine minutes of daily sunlight at lunchtime from March to September for 25(OH)D levels to remain ≥25 nmol/L throughout the winter. This assumes forearms and lower legs are exposed June-August, while in the remaining, cooler months only hands and face need be exposed. Exposing only the hands and face throughout the summer does not meet requirements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Changing Times for Vitamin D and Health)

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The sequence of analyses that led to the final sunlight exposure calculations for white Caucasians (skin types I–IV). Calculations do not consider any explicit dietary intake of vitamin D, but are based on results from volunteers who did acquire some oral vitamin D. The median was 3.26 (10–90 percentile, 0.91–7.81) µg/day (130.4 IU/day) [<a href="#B11-nutrients-10-00497" class="html-bibr">11</a>]. Therefore, these small intakes are implicit in the end results. Full article ">Figure 2
Calculated UVR doses in SEDs achievable from March-September on a randomly oriented vertical surface based on a 10-year UVR climatology [<a href="#B18-nutrients-10-00497" class="html-bibr">18</a>] and daily exposures of <1 SED around noon for scenarios S1–S4 (<a href="#nutrients-10-00497-t002" class="html-table">Table 2</a>). S1–S3 show the dose achieved after daily 9 min exposures at noon with 35% of skin area exposed March–September (S1). 10% of skin area in March–May and September, 35% June–August (S2). 10% of skin area throughout March–September (S3). S4 indicates the dose acquired after an exposure for a time equivalent to approximately 1 SED on 35% of skin area between June–August (no exposure in other months). For S4, exposure bands are labelled in minute intervals with the time to achieve 1 SED. While incident solar radiation is independent of skin area exposed, it is only effective for vitamin D synthesis when it falls on exposed skin. Therefore, the incident UVR has been scaled by the skin area for S2 and S3 to give “effective UVR” relative to the baseline skin area (35%) exposed in S1, which has a scaling factor of 1. See Method <a href="#sec2dot3-nutrients-10-00497" class="html-sec">Section 2.3</a> for further details. The vertical color gradient key shows the number of indicative SED such that pale blue reflects achievement of the target dose (≥38 SED; S2 and S4), dark blue shows failure to achieve target (S3), and yellow-red shows the target is more than achieved (S1). The data illustrated are equivalent to E in <a href="#nutrients-10-00497-f001" class="html-fig">Figure 1</a> for scenarios S1–S4 while the target dose (38 SED) is C in <a href="#nutrients-10-00497-t003" class="html-table">Table 3</a>. Full article ">

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Nutrients, Volume 10, Issue 4 (April 2018) – 142 articles

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