Asteroid cliff is 11 times taller than Palomar
Originally published November 28, 2011 at 7:31 p.m., updated November 28, 2011 at 8:05 p.m.
/ NASA
NASA's Dawn spacecraft takes image of a cliff on asteroid Vesta that's almost 11 times higher than San Diego's Palomar Mountain.
NASA's Dawn spacecraft takes image of a cliff on asteroid Vesta that's almost 11 times higher than San Diego's Palomar Mountain. — NASA
Sometimes, it helps to look close to home to get a sense of perspective about something that's far away.
NASA's little Dawn spacecraft took photos of a cliff on the asteroid Vesta that measures almost 12.5 miles from top to bottom. That's 66,000 feet. (You'll want to check my math.) That means the cliff is about 10.7 times higher than Palomar Mountain in San Diego County. The highest point on Palomar is 6,140 feet.
There's also a mountain on Vesta that's 13 miles high. But today, we're focusing on this image of the cliff, which was featured in Astronomy Picture of the Day for November 28th.
Vesta might be a stranger to you. But not to the folks up at Palomar Observatory. The 330-mile wide asteroid has been imaged from there many times.
Vesta is 330 miles in diameter, which is only a little less than the distance between San Diego and Tucson, Arizona.
Northrop begins test flying second X-47B designed at its Rancho Bernardo plant
Curiosity spacecraft en route to Mars with three cameras from San Diego
Lipitor prices to drop as patent expires
Originally published November 28, 2011 at 2:35 p.m., updated November 28, 2011 at 4:59 p.m.
/ Pfizer
Pfizer recorded $107 billion in Lipitor sales worldwide in 2010.
Pfizer recorded $107 billion in Lipitor sales worldwide in 2010. — Pfizer
Patent protection for Pfizer's best-selling anti-cholesterol drug Lipitor ends on Nov. 30, opening the marketplace to far less expensive generics. The actual cost of the generics depends on a person's health plan. But prices are likely to drop by at least 10 percent in the short term, and by much larger amounts through the middle of next year.
Pfizer will compete for market share.
McKay Jimeson, a Pfizer spokesman, said the company will sell original versions of Lipitor "at or below" the cost of generics, although it didn't cite specifics. A customer must have a prescription from their doctor to buy the discounted original.
"Our programs, which are designed to offer Lipitor at or below generic cost during the 180-day (post patent) period, will not increase costs for the significant number of payers participating in our programs," Pzifer said in a statement.
"In this 180-day period, typically payers do not receive a significant cost-savings by utilizing a generic. Through innovative contracts with health plans and PBMs, total costs to payers are less than a generic option and patients receive Lipitor at co-pays comparable to generics."
Pfizer is defending a drug that's been a cash cow. Last year, the company rang up $10.7 billion in Lipitor sales, about half of which occurred in the U.S.
Eric Topol, cardiologist, Scripps Health Scripps Health
Eric Topol, the renowned San Diego cardiologist who serves as chief academic officer at Scripps Health, said, "(Lipitor) is more potent than simvastatin (previously known as Zocor) for lowering LDL (bad) cholesterol. Until now Lipitor has not been used as much as simvastatin due to costs, and simvastatin doses have been pushed to the max (so much so that the 80 mg dose led to an FDA warning of major side effects of muscle breakdown).
"Now with the generic Lipitor (atorvastatin) it will get increased use, assuming no real increase in price compared with simvastatin."
New powerhouse in stem cell research opens in La Jolla
Scientist who cloned Dolly to speak in La Jolla Tuesday
Dolly's cloner to speak Tuesday in La Jolla
Originally published November 28, 2011 at 12:56 p.m., updated November 28, 2011 at 1:35 p.m.
/ Roslin Institute
Wilmut with the sheep Dolly at the Roslin Institute.
Wilmut with the sheep Dolly at the Roslin Institute. — Roslin Institute
Ian Wilmut, the Scottish embryologist who shook science in 1996 by using adult mammary cells to clone a mammal for the first time, will be a keynote speaker Tuesday at "The Meeting on the Mesa," a famous stem cell meeting that's being held in La Jolla.
Wilmut, 67, will likely talk about his experiences creating Dolly, a Finn Dorsett lamb who lived for six years. But Wilmut will mostly focus on his work reprogramming cells in attempts to fight inherited diseases.
Wilmut is the best known of a slate of eminent speakers that also includes Rudolf Jaenisch, an MIT researcher whose work earn him the National Medal of Science, and Lawrence Goldstein, one of the nation's most respected stem cell researchers.
The meeting is not open to the general public.
New powerhouse in stem cell science opens Tuesday in La Jolla
Curiosity spacecraft en route to Mars carrying three cameras from San Diego
Northrop begins flying second X-47B developed in Rancho Bernardo
Stem cell science gets new home in La Jolla
Scientists from three San Diego research institutions will combine forces at new center
Monday, November 28, 2011 at 6:30 a.m.
K.C. Alfred
The $127 million Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, located immediately north of the Salk Institute, will house 330 workers and provide space for such renowned scientists as Fred Gage and Martin Friedlander.
The $127 million Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, located immediately north of the Salk Institute, will house 330 workers and provide space for such renowned scientists as Fred Gage and Martin Friedlander. — K.C. Alfred
The quest to figure out the nature of stem cells and how to use them to treat disease will greatly expand Tuesday with the opening of the Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, a $127 million center in La Jolla that will draw scientists from five major research institutions.
The 150,000-square-foot complex will be the largest of its kind in California, housing 335 people, including such eminent scientists as Salk Institute geneticist Fred Gage and biologist Martin Friedlander of The Scripps Research Institute.
Scientists from the University of California San Diego, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute and the La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology.
The Consortium is part of a long-term, multibillion-dollar attempt by scientists to find ways to do everything from repairing spinal cord injuries to growing healthy heart tissue to preventing Alzheimer’s disease.
The new building has been nickhamed the “Collaboratory” for its emphasis on teamwork. The center’s interior features almost 3,000 square feet of glass so that scientists from different disciplines will regularly see one another. Laboratories are linked by informal meeting areas. And seating in the auditorium was limited to 150 in the belief that crowds bigger than that discourage people from being social.
“The design means that you can’t walk from spot A to B to C without meeting other people,” said Alan Trounson, president of the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine (CIRM), a state agency that provided $43 million in public funds for the project. “This is not a conventional building. The idea is to integrate people from various places. Instead of taking a year and a half to meet, they’ll have done so in three months.”
The Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine will work on all types of stem cells, which includes so-called induced pluripotent stem cells, which CIRM as a cell "taken from any tissue from a child or adult that has been genetically modified to behave like an embryonic stem cell." This image depicts iPS cells. — California Institute for Regenerative Medicine
The Collaboratory is one of a dozen new research institutions that CIRM has been helping to create throughout California to promote the study of stem cells. Special attention is being paid to human embryonic stem cells, which can turn into any type of cell in the body.
Scientists have made significant advances in many areas, notably in approaches to diabetes and heart disease. But the work on embryonic stem cells has yet to lead to widespread breakthroughs and lots of clinical trials. The field also suffered a major setback as the Geron Corp. in Menlo Park recently ended its work with embryonic cells to save money for other research. Geron had been conducting the world’s first clinical trial that involved a therapy based on embryonic cells.
“I do not think that (Geron’s) decision takes away from the promise of stem cell research, but it does point out that new therapeutic strategies such as stem cells and gene therapy may well be more challenging to bring to the clinic than the use of small molecules or biologics,” said Edward Holmes, president of the Sanford Consortium.
Key scientists who'll use the Collaboratory
Fred Gage, geneticist, Salk Institute: Searching for stem cell-based therapies to treat psychiatric disorders and neurodegenerative diseases, such as autism, schizophrenia and Parkinson’s disease. Gage is using stem cells from Parkinson’s patients to try to replicate the disease in a lab while also studying the role inflammation plays in the disorder.
Anjana Rao, geneticist, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology: Exploring what happens in embryonic stem cells as they turn into different types of cells. Such information could prove valuable in efforts to coax stem cells into becoming liver, heart and other organ cells for transplant purposes.
Catriona Jamieson, University of California San Diego: Directs stem cell research at the Moores Cancer Center, where she also treats patients with blood disorders, such as leukemia. She studies early cells that give rise to cancer stem cells, hoping to develop more personalized and less toxic cancer therapies. She led the first human clinical trial for a cancer therapy developed through CIRM-funded stem cell research
Robert Wechsler-Reya, cancer biologist, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute: Studies how normal stem cells make decisions, including when to divide and when to develop into other cell types. He identified a new type of stem cell that can give rise to medulloblastoma, the most common malignant brain cancer in children.
Martin Friedlander, The Scripps Research Institute — The Scripps Research Institute
Martin Friedlander, cell biologist, The Scripps Research Institute: Conducts stem cell research that focuses on the eye and potential treatments for a range of retinal vascular and degenerative diseases, including diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, retinitus pigmentosa.
The Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine features almost 3,000 square feet on interior glass to make it easier for scientists to see each other, a design meant to promote collaboration. — Fentress Architects
The cost and financing of the building
The cost to build and equip the Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine building is being shared by taxpayers (through the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine), philanthropy and a license fee or rent for the share of the building that the five local research institutions occupy.
The Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine building
Key features of the building
Glass walls: The Collaboratory features almost 3,000 square feet of glass, some of which was used to create fishbowl-like offices in the building. The heavy uses of glass enables people to see each other, encouraging collaboration and socialization.
Medical cyclotron: The Consortium is trying convince the private sector to build and operate a medical cyclotron, a particle accelerator that produces radioisotopes. Scientists need the isotopes for Positron Emission Tomography scanning, high resolution imaging that is essential in drug discovery research. It’s important to have a cyclotron on site because many isotopes have a very short half-life (a matter of minutes). There is only one other medical cyclotron in San Diego County. It is located in Sorrento Valley, too far away to be of regular use in La Jolla. Estimated cost of a cyclotron: $2 million.
11.7 Telsa magnetic resonance imaging machine: The high-powered machine will enable scientists to clearly see where cells are located and how they’re behaving and changing inside research mice. Such images help scientists understand the nature of stem cells, and how they might behave if they were turned into therapeutic drugs. The machine is one of only four 11.7 Tesla MRIs in the country. The sort of MRI machines used on humans are 3 Tesla in power. The new MRI cost $3 million.
Main auditorium: The auditorium was limited to 150 seats due to Dunbar’s law, the belief that the level of socialization among people declines if the crowd gets much higher than that figure.
StarBoard whiteboards: The building will have 12 interactive StarBoard whiteboards to promote collaboration and efficiency. A person can use his finger, instead of a marker, to write on the board, which automatically fixes bad handwriting. The whiteboards also allow users to better display graphics and videos. And with the tap of a finger, a user can email everything on the whiteboard to as many email addresses as desired.
The architects
The Sanford Consortium building was designed by Fentress Architects in Denver, Colorado in association with Davis Davis Architects in San Diego.
Story sources: UC San Diego, Salk Institute, The Scripps Research Institute, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, National Institutes of Health, California Institute for Regenerative Medicine, New York Times, Wikipedia.org
Email Gary Robbins (bio) at gary.robbins@uniontrib.com and follow him on Twitter at grobbins
Got a question for Science Quest? Click here
Share on Facebook
Palomar Observatory sky cam
All-sky time-lapse video taken at Palomar Observatory the night of September 10-11, 2010.
Science Quest on Twitter
Space Station sightings